DIY digital clock at home|| how to make a digital clock||Lucifer||the robotics guy

Code for the Arduino 👇 

// set current time by editing the values at line 16 and 17

const int clock = 7;

const int data = 8;

uint8_t digits[] = { 0x3f, 0x06, 0x5b, 0x4f, 0x66, 0x6d, 0x7d, 0x07, 0x7f, 0x6f };

void setup()

{

  setupInterrupt();

  pinMode(clock, OUTPUT);

  pinMode(data, OUTPUT);

  start();

  writeValue(0x8c);

  stop();

  write(0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00);

}

byte tcnt2;

  unsigned long int setMinutes = 22;

  unsigned long int setHours = 15;

  unsigned long time = (setMinutes * 60 * 1000) + (setHours * 3600 *1000);

void setupInterrupt()

{

  TIMSK2 &= ~(1<<TOIE2);

  TCCR2A &= ~((1<<WGM21) | (1<<WGM20));

  TCCR2B &= ~(1<<WGM22);

  ASSR &= ~(1<<AS2);

  TIMSK2 &= ~(1<<OCIE2A);

  TCCR2B |= (1<<CS22) | (1<<CS20); 

  TCCR2B &= ~(1<<CS21);

  tcnt2 = 131;

  TCNT2 = tcnt2;

  TIMSK2 |= (1<<TOIE2);

}

ISR(TIMER2_OVF_vect) {

  TCNT2 = tcnt2;

  time++;

  time = time % 86400000;

}

void loop()

{

  unsigned long t = (unsigned long)(time/1000);

  uint8_t minutes = (byte)((t / 60) % 60);

  uint8_t hours = (byte)((t / 3600) % 24);

  uint8_t seconds = (byte)(t % 60);

    write(digits[hours / 10], digits[hours % 10] | ((seconds & 0x01) << 7), digits[minutes / 10], digits[minutes % 10]);

}

void write(uint8_t first, uint8_t second, uint8_t third, uint8_t fourth)

{

  start();

  writeValue(0x40);

  stop();

  start();

  writeValue(0xc0);

  writeValue(first);

  writeValue(second);

  writeValue(third);

  writeValue(fourth);

  stop();

}

void start(void)

{

  digitalWrite(clock,HIGH);

  digitalWrite(data,HIGH);

  delayMicroseconds(5);

  digitalWrite(data,LOW);

  digitalWrite(clock,LOW);

  delayMicroseconds(5);

}

void stop(void)

{

  digitalWrite(clock,LOW);

  digitalWrite(data,LOW);

  delayMicroseconds(5);

  digitalWrite(clock,HIGH);

  digitalWrite(data,HIGH);

  delayMicroseconds(5);

}

bool writeValue(uint8_t value)

{

  for(uint8_t i = 0; i < 8; i++)

  {

    digitalWrite(clock, LOW);

    delayMicroseconds(5);

    digitalWrite(data, (value & (1 << i)) >> i);

    delayMicroseconds(5);

    digitalWrite(clock, HIGH);

    delayMicroseconds(5);

  }

  digitalWrite(clock,LOW);

  delayMicroseconds(5);

  pinMode(data,INPUT);

  digitalWrite(clock,HIGH);

  delayMicroseconds(5);

  bool ack = digitalRead(data) == 0;

  pinMode(data,OUTPUT);

  return ack;

}

Circuit diagram 👇👇👇

circuit diagram 🔝🔝🔝

how to make a fire alarm 🚨 || flame sensor interface with aurdino nano|| fire alarm using ARDUINO nano|| the robotics guy|| lucifer

Code for ARDUINO nano ⬇️⬇️

   // Your program code goes here
 
const int buzzerPin = 12;
const int flamePin = 10;
int Flame = HIGH;
int redled = 8;
int greenled = 7;
void setup() 
{
  pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(redled, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(greenled, OUTPUT);

  pinMode(flamePin, INPUT);
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() 
{
  Flame = digitalRead(flamePin);
  if (Flame== HIGH)
  {
    digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH);
    digitalWrite(redled, HIGH);
    digitalWrite(greenled, LOW);
  }
  else
  {
    digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW);
    digitalWrite(greenled, HIGH);
    digitalWrite(redled, LOW);
  }
    

} 

Materials required;

Bread board

Flame sensor

Arduino nano

Jumper cables

Buzzer

2 LEDs

Type B mini USB cable..........

.

.

.

.let's get started 🤩🤩🤩

Step by step explained with photos...!!👍

.                          🔝🔝🔝

Positive terminal of buzzer (green wire ) to be connected to D12 on ARDUINO nano

                            🔝🔝🔝

Negative terminal of buzzer (yellow wire) to be connected to GND on ARDUINO nano

.                            🔝🔝🔝

LED'S positive terminal (blue wire ) to be connected to D8 on Arduino nano

.                            🔝🔝🔝

Second LED'S positive terminal(orange wire) to be connected to D7 on Arduino nano

.                            🔝🔝🔝

 LEDs negative terminal (both the LED's)(yellow wire) to be connected to GND on the Arduino nano

.                         🔝🔝🔝

Sensor's output (brown wire) to be connected to D10 on the Arduino nano

.                           🔝🔝🔝

Sensor's positive terminal (red wire) to be connected to 5V of ARDUINO nano

.                          🔝🔝🔝

Sensor's negative terminal (black wire) to be connected to GND on the Arduino nano

.

.

.

.

.

.

 We are done with the circuit and placing the components on bread board let's test and enjoy the video ......don't forget to subscribe,like and share 😀

obstacle avoiding robot

Code for the Arduino 👇👇👇⬇️🙃

String ms;

int a,b;

void setup() {

  // put your setup code here, to run once:

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(2,OUTPUT);

pinMode(3,OUTPUT);

pinMode(4,OUTPUT);

pinMode(5,OUTPUT);

pinMode(8, INPUT);

pinMode(9, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(9, LOW);

digitalWrite(8, LOW);

}

void loop() {

    long duration,cm ;

  // SEND ECHO

    digitalWrite(9, HIGH);

    delayMicroseconds(5);

  digitalWrite(9, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(5);

// CALCULATE DISTANCE

  duration = pulseIn(8, HIGH);

  cm = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration);

    Serial.print(cm);

  Serial.print("cm");

   if(cm>15){

  // Forward

digitalWrite(2,LOW);

digitalWrite(3,HIGH);

digitalWrite(4,HIGH);

digitalWrite(5,LOW);

   }

  if(cm<15){

  // Reverse

  digitalWrite(2,HIGH);

digitalWrite(3,LOW);

digitalWrite(4,LOW);

digitalWrite(5,HIGH);

  }

  if(cm<15&cm>10){

  // Right

    digitalWrite(2,HIGH);

digitalWrite(3,LOW);

digitalWrite(4,HIGH);

digitalWrite(5,LOW);

delay(1000);

  }

  if(cm<10){

  // stop

    digitalWrite(2,LOW);

digitalWrite(3,LOW);

digitalWrite(4,LOW);

digitalWrite(5,LOW);

  }

}

long microsecondsToCentimeters(long microseconds) {

  // The speed of sound is 340 m/s or 29 microseconds per centimeter.

  // The ping travels out and back, so to find the distance of the

  // object we take half of the distance travelled.

  return microseconds / 29 / 2;

}

.      Circuit diagram 🔝👆🔝👆🔝👆

smart glove for blinds

Code for the Arduino nano

#define trigPin 13

#define echoPin 12

#define motor 7

#define buzzer 6

void setup()

{

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

pinMode(motor, OUTPUT);

pinMode(buzzer,OUTPUT);

}

void loop()

{

long duration, distance;

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

distance = (duration/2) / 29.1;

if (distance < 70)     // This is where checking the distance you can change the value

{

digitalWrite(motor,HIGH);    // When the the distance below 100cm

digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);

} else

{

digitalWrite(motor,LOW);     // when greater than 100cm

digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);

} delay(500);

}

               circuit diagram🔝👆👆👆

click here for video

joystick module with ARDUINO nano||how to use ARDUINO nano with joystick module||the robotics guy||Lucifer

Code for the Arduino

/*How to use the joystick module.

 *Serial monitor readings.

 *Read the code below and use it for any of your creation

 */

 

void setup() {

  Serial.begin(9600);//enable serial monitor

}

void loop() {

  int joy = analogRead(A0);//get analog value (0-1024)

  int joy1 = analogRead(A1);//get analog value (0-1024)

  String x = "x axis ";//creating string variable

  String y = "y axis ";//creating string variable

  Serial.print(x + joy);//print x axis value

  Serial.print("\t");//tab space

  Serial.println(y + joy1);//print y axis value

  Serial.println( "");//space

  delay(100);//delay

}

👉👉👉 click here for video👈👈👈

ultra sonic sensor with ARDUINO nano

Code for the ultra sonic sensor with ARDUINo

const int trigPin = 9;

const int echoPin = 10;

const int buzzer = 11;

const int ledPin = 13;

// defines variables

long duration;

int distance;

int safetyDistance;

void setup() {

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input

pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);

Serial.begin(9600); // Starts the serial communication

}

void loop() {

// Clears the trigPin

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

// Calculating the distance

distance= duration*0.034/2;

safetyDistance = distance;

if (safetyDistance <= 20){ //Enter the Distance 

  digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);

  digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);

}

else{

  digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);

  digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);

}

// Prints the distance on the Serial Monitor

Serial.print("Distance: ");

Serial.println(distance); >

}

👉👉👉👉 click here for video 👈👈👈👈

introduction to Arduino nano

Arduino Nano Pin Configuration

Pin Category	Pin Name	Details
Power	Vin, 3.3V, 5V, GND	Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when using an external power source (6-12V). 5V: Regulated power supply used to power microcontroller and other components on the board. 3.3V: 3.3V supply generated by on-board voltage regulator. Maximum current draw is 50mA. GND: Ground pins.
Reset	Reset	Resets the microcontroller.
Analog Pins	A0 – A7	Used to measure analog voltage in the range of 0-5V
Input/Output Pins	Digital Pins D0 - D13	Can be used as input or output pins. 0V (low) and 5V (high)
Serial	Rx, Tx	Used to receive and transmit TTL serial data.
External Interrupts	2, 3	To trigger an interrupt.
PWM	3, 5, 6, 9, 11	Provides 8-bit PWM output.
SPI	10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO) and 13 (SCK)	Used for SPI communication.
Inbuilt LED	13	To turn on the inbuilt LED.
IIC	A4 (SDA), A5 (SCA)	Used for TWI communication.
AREF	AREF	To provide reference voltage for input voltage.

 

Arduino Nano Technical Specifications

Microcontroller	ATmega328P – 8 bit AVR family microcontroller
Operating Voltage	5V
Recommended Input Voltage for Vin pin	7-12V
Analog Input Pins	6 (A0 – A5)
Digital I/O Pins	14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)
DC Current on I/O Pins	40 mA
DC Current on 3.3V Pin	50 mA
Flash Memory	32 KB (2 KB is used for Bootloader)
SRAM	2 KB
EEPROM	1 KB
Frequency (Clock Speed)	16 MHz
Communication	IIC, SPI, USART

 

Other Arduino Boards

Arduino UNO, Arduino Pro Mini, Arduino Mega, Arduino Due, Arduino Leonardo

Understanding Arduino Nano

The Arduino board is designed in such a way that it is very easy for beginners to get started with microcontrollers. This board especially is breadboard friendly is very easy to handle the connections. Let’s start with powering the Board.

Powering you Arduino Nano:

There are totally three ways by which you can power your Nano.

USB Jack: Connect the mini USB jack to a phone charger or computer through a cable and it will draw power required for the board to function 

Vin Pin: The Vin pin can be supplied with a unregulated 6-12V to power the board. The on-board voltage regulator regulates it to +5V

+5V Pin: If you have a regulated +5V supply then you can directly provide this o the +5V pin of the Arduino.

 In itput/output:

There are totally 14 digital Pins and 8 Analog pins on your Nano board. The digital pins can be used to interface sensors by using them as input pins or drive loads by using them as output pins. A simple function like pinMode() and digitalWrite() can be used to control their operation. The operating voltage is 0V and 5V for digital pins. The analog pins can measure analog voltage from 0V to 5V using any of the 8 Analog pins using a simple function liken analogRead()

These pins apart from serving their purpose can also be used for special purposes which are discussed below:

Serial Pins 0 (Rx) and 1 (Tx): Rx and Tx pins are used to receive and transmit TTL serial data. They are connected with the corresponding ATmega328P USB to TTL serial chip.

External Interrupt Pins 2 and 3: These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.

PWM Pins 3, 5, 6, 9 and 11: These pins provide an 8-bit PWM output by using analogWrite() function.

SPI Pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO) and 13 (SCK): These pins are used for SPI communication.

In-built LED Pin 13: This pin is connected with an built-in LED, when pin 13 is HIGH – LED is on and when pin 13 is LOW, its off.

I2C A4 (SDA) and A5 (SCA): Used for IIC communication using Wire library.

AREF: Used to provide reference voltage for analog inputs with analogReference() function.

👉👉👉👉 click here for video 👈👈👈👈

 

Reset Pin: Making this pin LOW, resets the microcontroller.

 

These special functions and their respective pins are illustrated in the arduino nano pin diagram shown above.

 

How to use Arduino Nano

It will hardly take 5-10 minutes to upload you first program to Arduino Nano. All you need the Arduino IDE an USB cable and your Nano board itself.

Download and Install Arduino:

The first step would be install the Arduino IDE which is available for download for free from the below link. After installing Arduino you might also want to install the drivers (link given below) for you Arduino to communicate with your Computer

Arduino IDE Download

Driver Download

 

Uploading your first program

Once arduino IDE is installed on the computer, connect the board with computer using USB cable. Now open the arduino IDE and choose the correct board by selecting Tools>Boards>Arduino/Nano, and choose the correct Port by selecting Tools>Port. Arduino Uno is programmed using Arduino programming language based on Wiring. To get it started with Arduino Uno board and blink the built-in LED, load the example code by selecting Files>Examples>Basics>Blink. Once the example code (also shown below) is loaded into your IDE, click on the ‘upload’ button given on the top bar. Once the upload is finished, you should see the Arduino’s built-in LED blinking. Below is the example code for blinking:

// the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board

void setup() {

  // initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output.

  pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);

}

// the loop function runs over and over again forever

void loop() {

  digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)

  delay(1000); // wait for a second

  digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW

  delay(1000); // wait for a second

}

Applications

Prototyping of Electronics Products and Systems

Multiple DIY Projects.

Easy to use for beginner level DIYers and makers.

Projects requiring Multiple I/O interfaces and communications.

 

Difference between Arduino UNO and Arduino Nano

The Arduino Nano is very much similar to the Arduino UNO. They use the same Processor (Atmega328p) and hence they both can share the same program. One big difference between both is the size UNO is twice as big as Nano and hence occupies more space on your project. Also Nano is breadboard friendly while Uno is not. To program a Uno you need Regular USB cable where as for Nano you will need a mini USB cable. The technical difference between Uno and Nano is shown below.

👉👉👉👉 click here for video 👈 👈👈👈

 

Difference between Arduino Nano and Arduino Mega

There is a considerable amount of difference between the Arduino Nano and the Arduino mega as the processor used itself is different. Arduino Mega is more powerful than an Arduino Nano in terms of speed and number of I/O pins. As you might guess the size is also bigger than an Arduino UNO. Arduino Mega is normally used for projects which require a lot of I/O pins and different Communication protocols.

 

led chaser using aurduino nano

Code for the led chaser 

You can copy the whole code and past it on the editor....

void setup(){
  pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(8, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(9, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(10, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(11, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(12, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
}

void loop(){
 

  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, LOW);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2, LOW);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(2,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13,LOW);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12,HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3,HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11,HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4,HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10,HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5,HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9,HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6,HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8,HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7,HIGH);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, LOW);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(13,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2,LOW);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, LOW);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(13,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7,LOW);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(11,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13,LOW);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(8,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10,LOW);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(5,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7,LOW);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(2,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4,LOW);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2, LOW);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(2, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12, HIGH);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
  delay(100);
 
  digitalWrite(13,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(12,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(11,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(10,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(9,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(8,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(7,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(6,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(5,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(4,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(3,LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(2,LOW);
  delay(100);
}

 

circut diagram 🔝

LI-FI ( light fidelity) explained!!

In technical terms, Li-Fi is a light communication system that is capable of transmitting data at high speeds over the visible light, ultraviolet, and infrared spectrums. In its present state, only LED lamps can be used for the transmission of visible light.

In terms of its end use, the technology is similar to Wi-Fi -- the key technical difference being that Wi-Fi uses radio frequency to induce a voltage in an antenna to transmit data. Whereas Li-Fi uses the modulation of light intensity to transmit data. Li-Fi can theoretically transmit at speeds of up to 100 Gbit/s. Li-Fi's ability to safely function in areas otherwise susceptible to electromagnetic interference (e.g. aircraft cabins, hospitals, military) is an advantage. The technology is being developed by several organizations across the globe

Technology details

Li-Fi is a derivative of optical wireless communications (OWC) technology, which uses light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a medium to deliver network, mobile, high-speed communication in a similar manner to Wi-Fi. The Li-Fi market was projected to have a compound annual growth rate of 82% from 2013 to 2018 and to be worth over $6 billion per year by 2018. However, the market has not developed as such and Li-Fi remains with a niche market, mainly for technology evaluation.

Visible light communications (VLC) works by switching the current to the LEDs off and on at a very high speed, too quick to be noticed by the human eye, thus, it does not present any flickering. Although Li-Fi LEDs would have to be kept on to transmit data, they could be dimmed to below human visibility while still emitting enough light to carry data. This is also a major bottleneck of the technology when based on the visible spectrum, as it is restricted to the illumination purpose and not ideally adjusted to a mobile communication purpose. Technologies that allows as roaming between various Li-Fi cells, also known as handover, may allow to seamless transition between Li-Fi. The light waves cannot penetrate walls which translates to a much shorter range, and a lower hacking potential, relative to Wi-Fi.  Direct line of sight is not necessary for Li-Fi to transmit a signal; light reflected off walls can achieve 70 Mbit/s.

Li-Fi has the advantage of being useful in electromagnetic sensitive areas such as in aircraft cabins, hospitals and nuclear power plants without causing electromagnetic interference. Both Wi-Fi and Li-Fi transmit data over the electromagnetic spectrum, but whereas Wi-Fi utilizes radio waves, Li-Fi uses visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. While the US Federal Communications Commission has warned of a potential spectrum crisis because Wi-Fi is close to full capacity, Li-Fi has almost no limitations on capacity. The visible light spectrum is 10,000 times larger than the entire radio frequency spectrum. Researchers have reached data rates of over 224 Gbit/s, which was much faster than typical fast broadband in 2013. Li-Fi is expected to be ten times cheaper than Wi-Fi. Short range, low reliability and high installation costs are the potential downsides.

PureLiFi demonstrated the first commercially available Li-Fi system, the Li-1st, at the 2014 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona.

Bg-Fi is a Li-Fi system consisting of an application for a mobile device, and a simple consumer product, like an IoT (Internet of Things) device, with color sensor, microcontroller, and embedded software. Light from the mobile device display communicates to the color sensor on the consumer product, which converts the light into digital information. Light emitting diodes enable the consumer product to communicate synchronously with the mobile device.

History

Professor Harald Haas coined the term "Li-Fi" at his 2011 TED Global Talk where he introduced the idea of "wireless data from every light". He is Professor of Mobile Communications at the University of Edinburgh, and the co-founder of pureLiFi along with Dr Mostafa Afgani.

The general term "visible light communication" (VLC), whose history dates back to the 1880s, includes any use of the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to transmit information. The D-Light project at Edinburgh's Institute for Digital Communications was funded from January 2010 to January 2012. Haas promoted this technology in his 2011 TED Global talk and helped start a company to market it. PureLiFi, formerly pureVLC, is an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) firm set up to commercialize Li-Fi products for integration with existing LED-lighting systems.

In October 2011, a research organisation Fraunhofer IPMS and industry Companies formed the Li-Fi Consortium, to promote high-speed optical wireless systems and to overcome the limited amount of radio-based wireless spectrum available by exploiting a completely different part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

A number of companies offer uni-directional VLC products, which is not the same as Li-Fi - a term defined by the IEEE 802.15.7r1 standardization committee.

VLC technology was exhibited in 2012 using Li-Fi. By August 2013, data rates of over 1.6 Gbit/s were demonstrated over a single color LED. In September 2013, a press release said that Li-Fi, or VLC systems in general, do not require line-of-sight conditions. In October 2013, it was reported Chinese manufacturers were working on Li-Fi development kits.

In April 2014, the Russian company Stins Coman announced the development of a Li-Fi wireless local network called BeamCaster. Their current module transfers data at 1.25 gigabytes per second (GB/s) but they foresee boosting speeds up to 5 GB/s in the near future. In 2014 a new record was established by Sisoft (a Mexican company) that was able to transfer data at speeds of up to 10 GB/s across a light spectrum emitted by LED lamps.

Recent integrated CMOS optical receivers for Li-Fi systems are implemented with avalanche photodiodes (APDs) which has a low sensitivity. In July 2015, IEEE has operated the APD in Geiger-mode as a single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) to increase the efficiency of energy-usage and makes the receiver more sensitive. This operation could be also performed as quantum-limited sensitivity that makes receivers able to detect weak signals from a far distance.

In June 2018, Li-Fi passed a test by a BMW plant in Munich for operating in an industrial environment. BMW project manager Gerhard Kleinpeter hopes for the miniaturization of Li-Fi transceivers, for Li-Fi to be efficiently used in production plants.

in August 2018, Kyle Academy, a secondary school in Scotland, had pilot the use of Li-Fi within the school. Students are able to receive data through a connection between their laptop computers and a USB device that is able to translate the rapid on-off current from the ceiling LEDs into data.

In June 2019, French company Oledcomm tested their Li-Fi technology at the 2019 Paris Air Show. Oledcomm hopes to collaborate with Air France in the future to test Li-Fi on an aircraft in-flight

Standards

Like Wi-Fi, Li-Fi is wireless and similar 802.11 protocols, but it uses ultraviolet, infrared and visible light communication (instead of radio frequency waves), which has much bigger bandwidth.

One part of VLC is modeled after communication protocols established by the IEEE 802 workgroup. However, the IEEE 802.15.7 standard is out-of-date: it fails to consider the latest technological developments in the field of optical wireless communications, specifically with the introduction of optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (O-OFDM) modulation methods which have been optimized for data rates, multiple-access and energy efficiency.^[41] The introduction of O-OFDM means that a new drive for standardization of optical wireless communications is required.

Nonetheless, the IEEE 802.15.7 standard defines the physical layer (PHY) and media access control (MAC) layer. The standard is able to deliver enough data rates to transmit audio, video and multimedia services. It takes into account optical transmission mobility, its compatibility with artificial lighting present in infrastructures, and the interference which may be generated by ambient lighting. The MAC layer permits using the link with the other layers as with the TCP/IP protocol.^{[citation needed]}

The standard defines three PHY layers with different rates:

• The PHY 1 was established for outdoor application and works from 11.67 kbit/s to 267.6 kbit/s.
• The PHY 2 layer permits reaching data rates from 1.25 Mbit/s to 96 Mbit/s.
• The PHY 3 is used for many emissions sources with a particular modulation method called color shift keying (CSK). PHY III can deliver rates from 12 Mbit/s to 96 Mbit/s.^[42]

The modulation formats recognized for PHY I and PHY II are on-off keying (OOK) and variable pulse position modulation (VPPM). The Manchester coding used for the PHY I and PHY II layers includes the clock inside the transmitted data by representing a logic 0 with an OOK symbol "01" and a logic 1 with an OOK symbol "10", all with a DC component. The DC component avoids light extinction in case of an extended run of logic 0's.^{[citation needed]}

The first VLC smartphone prototype was presented at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas from January 7–10 in 2014. The phone uses SunPartner's Wysips CONNECT, a technique that converts light waves into usable energy, making the phone capable of receiving and decoding signals without drawing on its battery.^[43][44] A clear thin layer of crystal glass can be added to small screens like watches and smartphones that make them solar powered. Smartphones could gain 15% more battery life during a typical day. The first smartphones using this technology should arrive in 2015. This screen can also receive VLC signals as well as the smartphone camera.^[45] The cost of these screens per smartphone is between $2 and $3, much cheaper than most new technology.^[46]

Signify lighting company (formerly Philips Lighting) has developed a VLC system for shoppers at stores. They have to download an app on their smartphone and then their smartphone works with the LEDs in the store. The LEDs can pinpoint where they are located in the store and give them corresponding coupons and information based on which aisle they are on and what they are looking at

Application's

Security waves used by Li-Fi, lights cannot penetrate through walls and doors. This makes it more secure and makes it easier to control access to a network.^[48] As long as transparent materials like windows are covered, access to a Li-Fi channel is limited to devices inside the room.^[49]

Home and building automation

It is predicted that future home and building automation will be highly dependent on the Li-Fi technology for being secure and fast. As the light cannot penetrate through walls, the signal cannot be hacked from a remote location.^{[citation needed]}

Underwater application

Most remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) are controlled by wired connections. The length of their cabling places a hard limit on their operational range, and other potential factors such as the cable's weight and fragility may be restrictive. Since light can travel through water, Li-Fi based communications could offer much greater mobility.^{[50][unreliable source]} Li-Fi's utility is limited by the distance light can penetrate water. Significant amounts of light do not penetrate further than 200 meters. Past 1000 meters, no light penetrates.^[51]

Aviation

Efficient communication of data is possible in airborne environments such as a commercial passenger aircraft utilizing Li-Fi. Using this light-based data transmission will not interfere with equipment on the aircraft that relies on radio waves such as its radar.^[52]

Hospital

Many treatments now involve multiple individuals, Li-Fi systems could be a better system to transmit communication about the information of patients.^[53] Besides providing a higher speed, light waves also have little effect on medical instruments. Wireless communication can be done during the use of such medical instruments without having to worry about radio interferences hindering the efficiency of the task.^[52]

Vehicles

Vehicles could communicate with one another via front and back lights to increase road safety. Street lights and traffic signals could also provide information about current road situations.^[54]

Industrial automation

Anywhere in industrial areas data has to be transmitted, Li-Fi is capable of replacing slip rings, sliding contacts and short cables, such as Industrial Ethernet. Due to the real time of Li-Fi (which is often required for automation processes) it is also an alternative to common industrial Wireless LAN standards. Fraunhofer IPMS, a research organisation in Germany states that they have developed a component which is very appropriate for industrial applications with time sensitive data transmission.^[55]

Advertising

Street lamps can be used to display advertisements for nearby businesses or attractions on cellular devices as an individual passes through. A customer walking into a store and passing through the store's front lights can show current sales and promotions on the customer's cellular device.^[56]

Education

Students and teachers can be part of a more active educational community in a classroom that is Li-Fi enabled. Students with devices such as smartphones or laptops can communicate with the teacher, or with each other, to create a more efficient learning environment. Teachers can be able to collaborate with students to help better understand class material.

Flame/fire detector ( working explained)

9V batteryhow to use a flame/fire sensor Description: This Flame Sensor can be used to detect fire source or other light sources of the wave length in the range of 760nm - 1100 nm. It is based on the YG1006 sensor which is a high speed and high sensitive NPN silicon phototransistor. Due to its black epoxy, the sensor is sensitive to infrared radiation. Sensor can be a great addition in a fire fighting robot, it can be used as a robot eyes to find the fire source. When the sensor detects flame the Signal LED will light up and the D0 pin goes LOW

Follow down the link below to see demo

how to make a fire alarm

Source:rhydolabz

What is a flame/fire detector

A flame detector is a sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame or fire, allowing flame detection. Responses to a detected flame depend on the installation, but can include sounding an alarm, deactivating a fuel line (such as a propane or a natural gas line), and activating a fire suppression system. When used in applications such as industrial furnaces, their role is to provide confirmation that the furnace is working properly; it can be used to turn off the ignition system though in many cases they take no direct action beyond notifying the operator or control system. A flame detector can often respond faster and more accurately than a smoke or heat detector due to the mechanisms it uses to detect the flame.

The range of the flame/fire detector

The range of a flame detector is highly determined by the mounting location. In fact, when making a projection, one should imagine in what the flame detector "sees". A rule of thumb is, that the mounting height of the flame detector is twice as high as the highest object in the field of view. Also the accessibility of the flame detector must be taken into account, because of maintenance and/or repairs. A rigid light-mast with a pivot point is for this reason recommendable. A "roof" on top of the flame detector (30 x 30 cm, 1 x 1-foot) prevents quick pollution in outdoor applications. Also the shadow effect must be considered. The shadow effect can be minimized by mounting a second flame detector in the opposite of the first detector. A second advantage of this approach is, that the second flame detector is a redundant one, in case the first one is not working or is blinded. In general, when mounting several flame detectors, one should let them "look" to each other not let them look to the walls. Following this procedure blind spots (caused by the shadow effect) can be avoided and a better redundancy can be achieved than if the flame detectors would "look" from the central position into the area to be protected. The range of flame detectors to the 30 x 30 cm, 1 x 1-foot industry standard fire is stated within the manufacturers data sheets and manuals, this range can be affected by the previously stated de-sensitizing effects of sunlight, water, fog, steam and blackbody radiation.

Parts required

buzzer

flame/ photo led module

jumper wires

9v battery snapper

how to make metal detector

how to make a metal detector?/how does a metal detector work?/what are the components required for making a metal detector?/how to make a cheap and affordable metal detector?

Description: this circuit  most useful for security checking.Metal detector available in the market are quite expensive 

This metal detector can be used to detect slightly big size metallic objects.It uses a sensing coil.This coil should be kept near metallic objects for detection.Input of circuit is a weak clopitt's R.F. range oscillator. Sensing coil forms parts of tuned oscillator.

When coil is brought near a metallic object magnetic energy is absorbed and oscillator fails to work. then Final transistor conducts and buzzer is activated. use a 9V battery, after connecting battery, adjust 4.7K preset till circuit just stop sounding  

                          circuit diagram 

Parts list:-                     

Resistors          

R1,R4     -    56K

R2         -   3K3

R3         -   22K

R5         -   2K7

R6         -   2K2

R7,R9      -  680E

R8         -   15K

P1         -  5K 3386Trim

Capacitors  

C1,C6    -    1PF (104) 100 KPF

C2       -    1KPF (102) 001 PF

C3       -   220PF

C4       -   270PF

C5       -  12 KPF / 100V

C7       -  100/ 25 V

Transistors 

Q1,,2,3,4   -  BC 547 PH

Diode

D1,2,3,4   -  IN 4148

Miscellaneous 

LED     -  5MM red LED

coil     -  metal detector coil

buzzer  -  VK 27 CT (s)

supply  -   9V snapper 

PCB    -    VK 557 PCB  

gta sa cheats Xbox/Xbox-1

GTA San Andreas Xbox/Xbox One Cheats

• Aggressive Traffic: RT, B, RB, LT, LEFT, RB, LB, RT, LT
• All cars have Nitros: LEFT, Y, RB, LB, UP, X, Y, DOWN, B, LT, LB, LB
• All Traffic is Junk Cars: LT, RIGHT, LB, UP, A, LB, LT, RT, RB, LB, LB, LB.
• ATV Quad: LEFT, LEFT, DOWN, DOWN, UP, UP, X, B, Y, RB, RT
• Beach Party: UP, UP, DOWN, DOWN, X, B, LB, RB, Y, DOWN
• Black traffic:B, LT, UP, RB, LEFT, A, RB, LB, LEFT, B
• Blow up All Cars: RT, LT, RB, LB, LT, RT, X, Y, B, Y, LT, LB
• Bounty on Your Head: DOWN, UP, UP, UP, A, RT, RB, LT, LT
• Cars Fly: UP, DOWN, LB, RB, LB, RIGHT, LEFT, LB, LEFT
• Chaos Mode: LT, RIGHT, LB, TRAINGLE, RIGHT, RIGHT, RB, LB, RIGHT, LB, LB, LB
• Cloudy Weather: LT, DOWN, DOWN, LEFT, X, LEFT, RT, X, A, RB, LB, LB
• Drive on Water: RIGHT, RT, B, RB, LT, X, RB, RT
• Faster Cars: RIGHT, RB, UP, LT, LT, LEFT, RB, LB, RB, RB
• Faster Clock: B, B, LB, X, LB, X, X, X, LB, Y, B, Y
• Faster Game Play: Y, UP, RIGHT, DOWN, LT, LB, X
• Fatty: Y, UP, UP, LEFT, RIGHT, X, B, DOWN.
• Flying boats: RT, B, UP, LB, RIGHT, RB, RIGHT, UP, X, Y
• Foggy Weather: RT, A, LB, LB, LT, LT, LT, A
• Full Health, Full Armor, $250,000: RB, RT, LB, A, LEFT, DOWN, RIGHT, UP, LEFT, DOWN, RIGHT, UP
• Funhouse Theme: Y, Y, LB, X, X, B, X, DOWN, B
• Gangs Control the Streets: LT, UP, RB, RB, LEFT, RB, RB, RT, RIGHT, DOWN
• Get Parachute: LEFT, RIGHT, LB, LT, RB, RT, RT, UP, DOWN, RIGHT, LB
• Hitman in all weapons: DOWN, X, A, LEFT, RB, RT, LEFT, DOWN, DOWN, LB, LB, LB
• Hydra: Y, Y, X, B, A, LB, LB, DOWN, UP
• Infinite Ammo: LB, RB, X, RB, LEFT, RT, RB, LEFT, X, DOWN, LB, LB
• Infinite Lung Capacity: DOWN, LEFT, LB, DOWN, DOWN, RT, DOWN, LT, DOWN
• Insane Handling: Y, RB, RB, LEFT, RB, LB, RT, LB.
• Jump High: UP, UP, Y, Y, UP, UP, LEFT, RIGHT, X, RT, RT
• Massive Bunny Hops: Y, X, B, B, X, B, B, LB, LT, LT, RB, RT
• Maximum Muscle: Y, UP, UP, LEFT, RIGHT, X, B, LEFT
• Maximum Respect: LB, RB, Y, DOWN, RT, A, LB, UP, LT, LT, LB, LB
• Maximum Sex Appeal: B, Y, Y, UP, B, RB, LT, UP, Y, LB, LB, LB
• Maximum Vehicle Stats: SQUARE, LT, A, RB, LT, LT, LEFT, RB, RIGHT, LB, LB, LB
• Night: RT, A, LB, LB, LT, LT, LT, Y.
• Orange Sky and Time Stopped at 21:00: LEFT, LEFT, LT, RB, RIGHT, X, X, LB, LT, A
• Overcast Weather: RT, A, LB, LB, LT, LT, LT, Y
• Pedestrian Riot (cannot be disabled):DOWN, LEFT, UP, LEFT, A, RT, RB, LT, LB
• Pedestrians Have Weapons: RT, RB, A, Y, A, Y, UP, DOWN
• Peds Attack (guns): A, LB, UP, X, DOWN, A, LT, Y, DOWN, RB, LB, LB
• Perfect Handling: Y, RB, RB, LEFT, RB, LB, RT, LB
• Pink Traffic: B, LB, DOWN, LT, LEFT, A, RB, LB, RIGHT, B
• Rainy Weather: RT, A, LB, LB, LT, LT, LT, B
• Recruit Pedestrians to Gang: DOWN, X, UP, RT, RT, UP, RIGHT, RIGHT, UP
• Reduced Traffic:A, DOWN, UP, RT, DOWN, Y, LB, Y, LEFT
• Sandstorm: UP, DOWN, LB, LB, LT, LT, LB, LT, RB, RT
• Skinny: Y, UP, UP, LEFT, RIGHT, X, B, RIGHT
• Slower Game Play: Y, UP, RIGHT, DOWN, X, RT, RB
• Spawn Bloodring Banger: DOWN, RB, B, LT, LT, A, RB, LB, LEFT, LEFT
• Spawn Caddy: B, LB, UP, RB, LT, A, RB, LB, B, A
• Spawn Dozer: RT, LB, LB, RIGHT, RIGHT, UP, UP, A, LB, LEFT
• Spawn Hotring Racer 1: RB, B, RT, RIGHT, LB, LT, A, A, X, RB
• Spawn Hotring Racer 2: RT, LB, B, RIGHT, LB, RB, RIGHT, UP, B, RT
• Spawn Hunter: B, A, LB, B, B, LB, B, RB RT, LT, LB, LB
• Spawn Jetpack: LB, LT, RB, RT, UP, DOWN, LEFT, RIGHT, LB, LT, RB, RT, UP, DOWN, LEFT, RIGHT
• Spawn Monster Truck: RIGHT, UP, RB, RB, RB, DOWN, Y, Y, A, B, LB, LB
• Spawn Ranger: UP, RIGHT, RIGHT, LB, RIGHT, UP, X, LT
• Spawn Rhino Tank: B, B, LB, B, B, B, LB, LT, RB, Y, B, Y
• Spawn Romero: DOWN, RT, DOWN, RB, LT, LEFT, RB, LB, LEFT, RIGHT
• Spawn Stretch: RT, UP, LT, LEFT, LEFT, RB, LB, B, RIGHT
• Spawn Stunt Plane: B, UP, LB, LT, DOWN, RB, LB, LB, LEFT, LEFT, A, Y
• Spawn Tanker: RB, UP, LEFT, RIGHT, RT, UP, RIGHT, X, RIGHT, LT, LB, LB
• Spawn Trashmaster: B, RB, B, RB, LEFT, LEFT, RB, LB, B, RIGHT
• Suicide: RIGHT, LT, DOWN, RB, LEFT, LEFT, RB, LB, LT, LB
• Sunny Weather: RT, A, LB, LB, LT, LT, LT, X
• Super-Punch: UP, LEFT, A, Y, RB, B, B, B, LT.
• Taxis Have Nitrous & Bunny Hop: UP, A, Y, A, Y, A, X, RT, RIGHT
• Traffic is country vehicles: Y, LEFT, X, RT, UP, LT, DOWN, LB, A, LB, LB, LB
• Traffic is Fast Cars:UP, LB, RB, UP, RIGHT, UP, A, LT, A, LB
• Vehicle of Death: LB, LT, LT, UP, DOWN, DOWN, UP, RB, RT, RT
• Vortex Hovercraft: Y, Y, X, B, A, LB, LT, DOWN, DOWN.
• Wanted Level Down: RB, RB, B, RT, UP, DOWN, UP, DOWN, UP, DOWN
• Wanted Level Up: RB, RB, B, RT, LEFT, RIGHT, LEFT, RIGHT, LEFT, RIGHT
• Weapon Aiming While Driving:
• Weapon Set 1 Bat, Pistol, Shotgun, Mini SMG, AK 47, Rocket Launcher, Molotov Cocktail, Spray Can, Brass Knuckles): RB, RT, LB, RT, LEFT, DOWN, RIGHT, UP, LEFT, DOWN, RIGHT, UP
• Weapon Set 2 (Knife, Pistol, Sawed-Off Shotgun, Tec 9, Sniper Rifle, Flamethrower, Grenades, Fire Extinguisher): RB, RT, LB, RT, LEFT, DOWN, RIGHT, UP, LEFT, DOWN, DOWN, LEFT.
• Weapon Set 3 (Chainsaw, Silenced Pistol, Combat Shotgun, M4, Bazooka, Plastic Explosive): RB, RT, LB, RT, LEFT, DOWN, RIGHT, UP, LEFT, DOWN, DOWN, DOWN